Political Overview
The Islamic Republic of Iran, established in 1979 following the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy, combines republican institutions with a theocratic framework. The Supreme Leader holds ultimate authority over the armed forces, judiciary, and state media, while the President elected every four years oversees the executive branch and day-to-day governance. Although the Majlis (parliament) enacts legislation and approves budgets, all laws and high-level appointments must receive the Guardian Council’s approval, ensuring alignment with Islamic principles. Iran’s unique blend of clerical oversight and electoral politics has shaped both its domestic policies and its role on the international stage.
Cultural Heritage and Identity
As the heir to one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations, Iran’s cultural identity is deeply rooted in the legacy of the Persian Empire. The Persian language (Farsi) serves not only as the nation’s official tongue but also as a vessel for a rich literary tradition, including the works of poets such as Hafez, Rumi, and Ferdowsi. Architecture from the intricate tilework of Isfahan’s mosques to the ancient ruins of Persepolis reflects centuries of artistic innovation. Festivals like Nowruz (Persian New Year) and Yalda Night celebrate seasonal cycles and community bonds, underscoring the enduring importance of heritage in contemporary Iranian society.
Geographical Landscape, Area and Climate
Covering approximately 1.65 million square kilometers, Iran stretches from the Caspian Sea in the north to the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in the south. Its topography is dominated by the rugged Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, interspersed with high plateaus and arid deserts such as the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut. The northern regions experience a humid subtropical climate with lush, forested areas, while the central and eastern deserts endure extreme temperature swings and scarce rainfall. Coastal plains along the south enjoy a hot, humid environment, making Iran’s climatic diversity as pronounced as its varied landscapes.
