Political Overview
Djibouti operates as a multiparty republic with a centralized political structure. President Ismail Omar Guelleh has held office since 1999, securing re-election in subsequent elections, including those in 2005, 2011, 2016, and 2021. These elections have faced criticism from opposition parties and international observers regarding fairness and transparency. The National Assembly, comprising 65 members, serves as the legislative body, though constitutional amendments in 2010 proposed the establishment of a Senate, which has yet to be implemented. Strategically located at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, Djibouti hosts military bases from several countries, including the United States, France, China, and Japan. This positioning enhances its geopolitical significance, particularly in maritime security and international trade. However, the presence of foreign military installations has also raised concerns about external influences on Djibouti’s domestic and foreign policies.
Cultural Heritage and Identity
Djibouti’s cultural landscape is shaped by its diverse ethnic composition and historical interactions. The two predominant ethnic groups are the Somali (primarily the Issa clan) and the Afar, together accounting for approximately 95% of the population . French and Arabic are the official languages, reflecting the country’s colonial history and Arab ties, while Somali and Afar are widely spoken national languages. Islam is the state religion, with the majority of Djiboutians adhering to Sunni Islam. Religious practices and festivals, such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, play a central role in community life . Traditional music, dance, and poetry are integral to Djiboutian culture, often reflecting themes of nomadic life and social values.
Geographical Landscape and Climate
Djibouti’s terrain is characterized by arid plateaus, volcanic formations, and low-lying plains. Notable geographical features include Mount Moussa Ali, the country’s highest point at 2,028 meters, and Lake Assal, a saline lake situated 155 meters below sea level, making it the lowest point in Africa . The country’s location at the junction of the African, Arabian, and Somali tectonic plates contributes to its seismic and geothermal activity. The climate is predominantly arid, with high temperatures and minimal rainfall throughout the year. Coastal areas experience hot and humid conditions, while the interior regions are drier and hotter. The limited precipitation and harsh climate pose challenges for agriculture and water resource management.
