Political Overview
Western Sahara, a territory in northwest Africa, has been embroiled in a protracted territorial dispute since Spain’s withdrawal in 1975. Morocco annexed the northern two-thirds of the region in 1976 and the remainder in 1979, following Mauritania’s withdrawal. The indigenous Sahrawi people, represented by the Polisario Front, have sought independence, leading to a guerrilla war that culminated in a UN-brokered ceasefire in 1991. Despite the ceasefire, a promised referendum on self-determination has been repeatedly postponed, and hostilities resumed in 2020. Morocco’s autonomy plan for Western Sahara has garnered support from countries like the United States, France, and Spain, while the Polisario Front continues to advocate for full independence, receiving backing from Algeria and recognition from the African Union.
Cultural Heritage and Identity
The Sahrawi people possess a rich cultural heritage rooted in nomadic traditions, with a strong emphasis on oral poetry, music, and communal storytelling. Music groups like El Wali have played a pivotal role in preserving and promoting Sahrawi identity, blending traditional melodies with modern influences to narrate their struggle for self-determination. These cultural expressions serve as both a form of resistance and a means to maintain a cohesive national identity amidst displacement and political uncertainty.
Geographical Landscape and Climate
Western Sahara spans approximately 266,000 square kilometers, characterized predominantly by flat desert terrain interspersed with rocky plateaus and sand dunes. The region is divided into two main areas: Saguiet el-Hamra in the north and Oued Dahab (Rio de Oro) in the south. Its Atlantic coastline stretches over 1,100 kilometers, offering rich fishing grounds. The climate is arid, with minimal annual rainfall averaging below 50 millimeters. Temperatures in the interior can soar above 40°C in summer, while coastal areas experience milder conditions due to the cooling effects of the Canary Current. The harsh environment poses challenges for habitation and agriculture, leading to a reliance on pastoralism and limited oasis farming.
